Which of the following disorders is characterized by chronic productive cough and shortness of breath?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by symptoms such as chronic productive cough and shortness of breath due to restricted airflow. This disorder encompasses two main conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. In chronic bronchitis, which is a significant component of COPD, inflammation of the bronchial tubes leads to excessive mucus production and a persistent cough. As the disease progresses, individuals experience increasing difficulty in breathing, especially upon exertion, because of the narrowing of airways and damaged lung tissue. This makes COPD particularly distinguishable, as its chronic nature and the combination of cough and shortness of breath are hallmark features of the condition.

In contrast, while asthma can also result in shortness of breath, it typically involves episodic attacks and is generally reversible. Pneumonia, an infection causing inflammation of the air sacs in the lungs, may lead to a productive cough and difficulty breathing, but it is usually acute rather than chronic. Bronchitis can be chronic but is primarily defined by the cough and mucus production without the broader implications of airflow limitation that characterize COPD.